Setting the scene

"Young People, Violence and Strategic Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)" brings together data and case studies from a range of SSA countries. While the findings are diverse, a set of themes predominate: they reveal that violence, embedded in everyday lived realities, is a complex and urgent issue that should be comprehensively probed. While moments of political and xenophobic violence are reflected upon, critical attention is firmly on young women and their grappling with sexual and gender-based violence. The COVID lens has magnified micro-struggles and long-standing structural problems showing how inequities and disadvantages have created an infrastructure through which violence has been exacerbated. There is also a focus on masculinities constructed by oppressive histories, social and economic crises, and state disregard, but with the message that marginality should not be reified, nor the gendered practices of young men oversimplified. In all the chapters, contextual specificities and insightful case studies offer thoughts and arguments about the ways in which violence manifests, what interventionist strategies are compelling, and how young people's proactive involvement in interventions could begin to address the problem of violence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Youth challenges in Namibia during COVID-19: Engaging joblessness, violence, and e-learning

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and harsh lockdown regulations have impacted the wellbeing of the youth globally. The pandemic has also caused significant mortality and morbidity, creating daunting health and socio-economic challenges. The restrictive measures that have been put in place by many countries to contain the spread of the virus negatively affected the livelihood of youth. Namibia was equally impacted by the pandemic. The country introduced preventative measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, ranging from closure of social spaces, schools, recreational facilities, businesses, among others. These had unintended consequences on the livelihood of youth and their families. The main objective of the chapter is to better understand the impact of young people's chronic exposure to joblessness, violence, education disruptions on their wellbeing. Specifically, the chapter examines the extent to which protective measures influenced changes in violence, access to sexual and reproductive health as well as land and housing. The study utilized a desk review, relying on secondary data and policy documents. The findings indicated that retaining contact with friends and pursuing leisure activities are key to the wellbeing of young people. In addition, financial worries emanating from job losses and low economic acitivities also exacerbated young people's livelihood. Furthermore, having the youth and adults at home all day long, resulting from closing of schools and workplaces, increased family conflicts and violence. Consequently, victims of domestic violence were unable to access places of safety and other psychosocial support services. The study further indicated that the implementation of e-learning was threatened by the lack of ICT infrastructure and the capacity of teachers and learners to access and use e-learning platforms. Moreover, the youth indicated that they felt isolated and lacked motivation which is usually derived from interaction with their peers. The chapter therefore, recommends the creation of targeted youth interventions including employment opportunities, entrepreneurship, poverty reduction programs, as well as investment in ICT infrastructure and training. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Males' experiences of gender-based violence in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A review of literature

Globally, gender-based violence (GBV) continues to be a serious global health, human rights, and development issue. There is no standard definition of GBV, but it can be enacted under different forms such as physical violence, sexual violence, economic violence, psychological and emotional aggression (including coercive tactics) directed at someone because of their biological sex or gender identity. Most literature focuses on violence against females (both heterosexual and homosexual) and children, with little focus on males' perspectives. Most GBV narratives present males as perpetrators of violence. Recent statistics show that intimate partner violence (IPV) increased during the COVID-19 pandemic due to increased unemployment, substance abuse and reduced economic status. Recent country specific statistics are sparse but understanding the males' perceptions and experiences of GBV can assist with identifying appropriate interventions to deal with GBV. This critical review highlights critical knowledge gaps in the existing literature and a need for future research within Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Introduction to Special Series : Supporting Teachers of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

The article introduces a special series focused on supporting teachers of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). It discusses that the series aims to address teacher support needs and burnout, bringing diverse perspectives and approaches to the forefront and goal is to initiate a conversation in the field, identify points of need, and generate considerations for moving forward.

Prediction of stress-related conditions in students and their prevention through health-enhancing recreational physical activity

Introduction. Persistent negative mental-emotional experiences and the body's responses to stress may have a negative impact on physical condition and mental-emotional status of students and provoke behavioral disorders. Health-enhancing recreational physical activity helps to cope with the negative influence of stress factors. The study was focused on the prediction of stress-related conditions in students and their prevention through healthenhancing recreational physical activity (HRPA). The aim of the study was to develop predictive models for assessing stress-related conditions among students and to identify the opportunities for their prevention through engagement in health-enhancing recreational physical activity based on the assessment of the relationship between physical activity and emotional status. Material & methods. The study involved 573 higher education students from various regions of Ukraine. The following methods were applied: surveying, statistical analysis using non-linear estimation methods and statistical classification methods based on data mining and machine learning methods, such as neural networks. Results. Statistically significant (p<0.05) logistic binary models were developed and scientifically substantiated, which can be used to predict stress-related conditions among higher education students based on data about their HRPA and behavioral characteristics in a long-term stressful situation. According to the survey data, the military conflict on the territory of Ukraine has provoked the emergence of emotional distress in 80.8% of respondents. It was found that regular engagement in HRPA and an active lifestyle allows predicting the maintenance of emotional well-being among students with a probability of 78.0%. Conclusions. The behavioral disorders in higher education students combined with lack of HRPA during the period of armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine significantly increase their risk of anxiety, aggressiveness, depressive states, and mood swings as well as lead to deterioration in physical condition and mental-emotional status. An active lifestyle, regular engagement in health-enhancing recreational physical activity, and cessation of bad habits increase students' adaptability to the impact of stress factors.

A study of internet-facilitated violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Sub-Saharan Africa

Before the influx of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Africa was seen as a dark continent (Agwe-Mbarika et al., 2011). In 2016, the United Nations General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution declaring Internet access a human right and the intentional Internet disruption a human rights violation. This is contained in resolution A/HRC/32/L.20 of 2016. Recent reports also declare that Internet access falls under the freedom of expression (La Rue, 2011). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Short-Term Impact of "Amaka Amasanyufu" Multiple Family Group Intervention on Mental Health Functioning of Children With Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluate the mid-intervention (8 weeks) and short-term (16 weeks) impact of a culturally adapted multiple family group (MFG) intervention, "Amaka Amasanyufu," on the mental health of children with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) and primary caregivers in Uganda. METHOD: We analyzed data from the Strengthening mental health and research training in Sub-Saharan Africa (SMART) Africa-Uganda study. Schools were randomized to the following: a control group; an MFG facilitated by parent peers (MFG-PP); or an MFG facilitated by community health workers (MFG:CHW). All participants were blinded to interventions provided to other participants and study hypotheses. At 8 weeks and 16 weeks, we evaluated differences in depressive symptoms and self-concept among children and in mental health and caregiving-related stress among caregivers. Three-level linear mixed-effects models were fitted. Pairwise comparisons of post-baseline group means were performed using the Sidak adjustment for multiple comparisons and standardized mean differences. Data from 636 children with DBDs and caregivers (controls: n = 243, n = 10 schools; MFG-PP: n = 194, n = 8 schools; MFG-CHW: n = 199, n = 8 schools) were analyzed. RESULTS: There were significant group-by-time interactions for all outcomes, and differences were observed mid-intervention, with short-term effects at 16 weeks (end-intervention). MFG-PP and MFG-CHW children had significantly lower depressive symptoms and higher self-concept, whereas caregivers had significantly lower caregiving-related stress and fewer mental health problems, than controls. There was no difference between intervention groups. CONCLUSION: Amaka Amasanyufu MFG intervention is effective for reducing depressive symptoms and improving self-concept among children with DBDs while reducing parental stress and mental health problems among caregivers. Given the paucity of culturally adapted mental health interventions, this provides support for adaptation and scale-up in Uganda and other low-resource settings. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: SMART Africa (Strengthening Mental Health Research and Training); https://clinicaltrials.gov/: NCT03081195.

Child abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic-Prospect, risk and factors: A narrative review

This narrative review focuses on the risk of child abuse, the determinants of child maltreatment during the Covid-19 outbreak and the conceivable psycho-social impact of child abuse. Literature was retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science along with Google Scholar, and reports from various sources with no time and context restrictions. The narrative analysis of all pertinent records shows that the risk of abuse towards children has spiked during the Covid-19 outbreak, especially sexual abuse and neglect. Prolonged living inside of homes, school closures, limited contact, unemployment, domestic violence, poor access to health care, and related social stressors have impacted on the rates of child abuse during the Covid-19 outbreak. These maltreated children may experience poor interpersonal relationships, problematic coping behaviours, and depressive disorders across their life span. These findings point to context-specific outcomes and protective measures that could assist prospective researches and guide policies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Intimate partner violence during COVID-19 pandemic: Literature review

With the COVID-19 pandemic, staying at home, social isolation and many protection measures that will prevent the transmission of the virus have been implemented by the states with regard to the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Although such social isolation decisions prevent the community transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic, they also brought others together. While the houses are seen as a safe place to protect against the virus, there has been a pandemic of violence against women in the home. Since the decisions of social isolation, applications and emergency calls regarding intimate partner violence have increased and women have been exposed to violence more frequently and more seriously than before the pandemic. This study differentiates factors that show co-growth of intimate partner violence in psychosocial crises such as pandemics. The research shows that spousal violence occurs throughout societies regardless of socio-economic and educational status, long-term sharing of homestay and economic losses caused by the pandemic are important variables that increase spousal violence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Turkish) COVID-19 pandemisi ile birlikte evde kalma, sosyal izolasyon ve bunun gibi virusun bulasini engelleyecek bir cok onlem Dunya Saglik Orgutu tavsiyeleri dogrultusunda devletler tarafindan alinmis ve uygulamaya konulmustur. Bu gibi sosyal izolasyon kararlari COVID-19 pandemisinin toplum icerisinde bulasini engellese de beraberinde baska sorunlari da getirmistir. Evler virusten korunmak icin guvenli bolgeler olarak gorulurken ev icinde kadina yonelik siddet pandemisi ortaya cikmistir. Sosyal izolasyon kararlarinin alinmasindan itibaren es siddeti ile ilgili basvurular artmis ve kadinlar pandemi oncesinden daha sik ve daha ciddi boyutlarda es siddetine maruz kalmislardir. Bu calismanin amaci pandemi gibi psikososyal krizlerde es siddetini artiran faktorleri tespit etmektir. Arastirma sonucunda es siddetinin dunya genelinde sosyo-ekonomik ve egitim durumu gozetmeksizin toplumlarin genelinde yaygin sekilde ortaya ciktigi, aile uyelerinin uzun sureler ayni ortami paylasmasi ve pandeminin yarattigi ekonomik kayiplarin es siddetini artiran onemli degiskenler oldugu gorulmustur. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

COVID-19 pandemic and violence: Contagions and curfew policy on female homicides

This article studies the causal effect of COVID-19 pandemic curfew and lockdown durations on gender violence measured by the female homicides rates across Ecuadorian municipalities. To overcome potential endogeneity concerns due to heterogeneous intensity in restriction durations, we implement an instrumental variable approach that adjusts the duration of the lockdown and each of the "red-light" policy stages based on the lags of contagion rates and the length of the policy. We show that the generalized lockdown led to a 0.91 percentage point increase of female homicide rates (12.75% in the prelockdown period), and the less restrictive mobility measures led to a 0.23 to 0.8 pp increases. These results are in line with very recent evidence of the COVID-19 lockdowns and violence against women during the pandemic. These findings appeal for policy interventions addressed to avoid violence against women during mobility restriction and emergencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Intimate partner violence during COVID-19: Demographic and economic correlates of survivor experiences

Objective: To extend our understanding of intimate partner violence (IPV) during the COVID-19 pandemic, we examined socioecological correlates of IPV, as well as rates of victimization. We assessed physical IPV, sexual IPV, psychological IPV, reproductive coercion, coercive labor, and coercive control. Method: A total of 374 recent survivors of IPV were recruited in partnership with IPV and social service agencies in Southeast Texas. Participants were asked about their experiences with IPV, COVID-19, and economic situation during the first year of the pandemic (March 2020-December 2020). Data were collected in December 2020. The sample was racially and ethnically diverse and primarily female-identified (77%). Statistical analyses included descriptive, analysis of variance, t tests, and chi-square test. Results: Among participants, rates of past-year IPV were high, with 77.3% reporting physical victimization and 94.7% reporting psychological abuse victimization. A majority (55.5%) of participants, self-reported violence increases since the pandemic began. Older (46 +) and Black participants reported higher rates of IPV, including coercive control. Reported IPV increases since COVID was significantly associated with homelessness during COVID-19, lower income, and physical IPV, psychological IPV, economic IPV, along with coercive control and coerced labor by a partner. Conclusions: We found that COVID-19-related IPV increases were associated with IPV victimization types and economic factors, including low income and homelessness. Results also confirm a "dual pandemic" perspective, underscoring the heightened risk for IPV for Black, middle age, and older survivors. These findings highlight the need for a strong and sustained community response to address potential outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The associated factors of self-harm and suicide ideation among Chinese Indonesians during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: This study aimed to identify the associated factors of self-harm and suicide ideation among Chinese Indonesians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A nonrandom sampling was performed through a nationwide online survey in Indonesia (May-June 2021). The online survey covered participants' demographic information, suicide literacy, suicide stigma, loneliness, and self-harm and suicide ideation. A series of t-tests, chi2 tests, and hierarchical logistic regressions with the backward stepwise method were used to identify the factors associated with self-harm and suicide ideation. Responses from a total of 484 Chinese Indonesians were analyzed in this study. Results: The predictive model showed a significant goodness of fit to the observed data [chi2(17) = 174.1, p < .001;RN2 = .41]. Chinese Indonesians with an average monthly income of >=USD 843 were found to be 0.23 times (95% CI = 0.07-0.99) less likely to experience self-harm and suicide ideation than those who did not have an income. A one-point increase in the intensity of suicide glorification and loneliness were associated with 3.06 and 3.67 increase in the chance of experiencing self-harm and suicide ideation, respectively. Conclusion: One third of Chinese Indonesians self-reported self-harm and suicide ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental health and suicide prevention intervention programs are recommended to target those with low socioeconomic status, high glorification toward suicide, and high perceived loneliness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Impact and Implications:-The current study indicated that one third of Chinese Indonesians experienced self-harm and suicide ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Monthly income, suicide glorification, and levels of loneliness were found to be significantly associated with this experience. Our findings will inform the development of effective suicide prevention and intervention programs in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 regarding "Good Health and Well-being," especially for reducing premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promoting mental health and well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The Post-intervention Impact of Amaka Amasanyufu on Behavioral and Mental Health Functioning of Children and Adolescents in Low-Resource Communities in Uganda: Analysis of a Cluster-Randomized Trial From the SMART Africa-Uganda Study (2016-2022).

PURPOSE: Disruptive behavioral disorders (DBDs) are common among children/adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. A 16-week manualized multiple family group (MFG) intervention called Amaka Amasanyufu designed to reduce DBDs among school-going children/adolescents in low-resource communities in Uganda was efficacious in reducing symptoms of poor mental health relative to usual care in the short-term (4 months post-intervention-initiation). We examined whether intervention effects are sustained 6 months postintervention. METHODS: We used longitudinal data from 636 children positive for DBDs: (1) Control condition, 10 schools, n = 243; (2) MFG delivered via parent peers (MFG-PP), eight schools, n = 194 and; (3) MFG delivered via community healthcare workers (MFG-CHW), eight schools, n = 199 from the SMART Africa-Uganda study (2016-2022). All participants were blinded. We estimated three-level linear mixed-effects models and pairwise comparisons at 6 months postintervention and time-within-group effects to evaluate the impact on Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), impaired functioning, depressive symptoms, and self-concept. RESULTS: At 6 months postintervention, children in MFG-PP and MFG-CHW groups had significantly lower means for ODD (mean difference [MD] = -1.08 and -1.35) impaired functioning (MD = -1.19 and -1.16), and depressive symptoms (MD = -1.06 and -0.83), than controls and higher means for self-concept (MD = 3.81 and 5.14). Most outcomes improved at 6 months compared to baseline. There were no differences between the two intervention groups. DISCUSSION: The Amaka Amasanyufu intervention had sustained effects in reducing ODD, impaired functioning, and depressive symptoms and improving self-concept relative to usual care at 6 months postintervention. Our findings strengthen the evidence that the intervention effectively reduces DBDs and impaired functioning among young people in resource-limited settings and was sustained over time.

Commercial sexual exploitation of children in zimbabwe: A threat to human and social development

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in child sex work is reportedly rising in Zimbabwe. While children of both sexes are affected, more females than males are forced to engage in sexual acts in exchange for money, food, access to shelter, education or some other gains from adults who control these means of survival and commodities. Drivers of CSEC include socioeconomic factors, negative peer pressure, childhood abuse, the influence of uncensored social media, and, more recently, the economic impact of COVID-19. Involvement in underage sex work exposes children to severe adversities, such as psychosocial and mental health disorders, physical and biological injuries, venereal diseases and HIV. CSEC is a growing concern for resource-limited countries, disenfranchises children and robs particularly the girl child of a better future. The worsening socioeconomic landscape in Zimbabwe and the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated the problem. Solving the problem of CSEC requires a multipronged approach that involves stakeholders from several sectors, including public health, education, social services, security and the legal fraternity. There is a need to empower communities, empower civil society and development partners, enhance legal frameworks, provide messaging, education and vocational training, as well as rehabilitative services for affected children and their families. CSEC is a violation of the child's rights and a public health concern that needs to be addressed as a matter of urgency to preserve the next generation's human capital necessary for the sustainable development of Zimbabwe. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Intersectionality of race, ethnicity, and culture in neglect, abuse, and violence against older persons: Human rights, global health, and systems approaches in pandemics

Although prevalent in the 1990s, research on social and economic determinants of elder abuse, including race, ethnicity, and culture, has lagged in recent years, compromising understanding of elder abuse as a public health problem calling for systems responses. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the tragic impact of substantial disruptions in access to care across fragmented health systems and community-based settings on vulnerable older adults and, in such crisis conditions, the persistence of both violations of older adults' human rights and historical inequities in their treatment. Older adults have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19, particularly older Black/African Americans and Latinx and those living in congregate settings such as nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and prisons, as reflected in reporting of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. American Indian reservations and indigenous and tribal communities are also struggling with the effects of the pandemic on the health and economic security of their members. The pandemic is exposing challenges that have heretofore been ignored or covered up, or have remained otherwise invisible, such as institutional neglect, poverty, deprivation, and isolation, yet have deepened suffering of older adults. However, little is yet known about older persons' experience of abuse, neglect, and violence during pandemic crisis conditions, such as sheltering-in-place, quarantines or lockdowns, or situations of scarce resources including intensive care unit beds, medical equipment, and personal protective equipment. The risks created by these conditions and their palpable urgency call for critical examination of the contribution of structural inequities to older adults' heightened risk in disaster and post-disaster environments and the disproportionate impact of crisis conditions (Institute of Medicine [IOM], Crisis standards of care: A systems framework for catastrophic disaster response: Volume 1: Introduction and CSC framework. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2012. https://doi.org/10.17226/13351) upon the human rights of diverse older adult populations and communities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Embedding choice making into the self-regulated strategy development instructional approach for students in a residential treatment facility

Students with emotional behavioral disorders often exhibit comorbid academic and behavior deficits and benefit from strategies that address those needs. Writing can be significantly difficult for students with EBD due to the complex requirements when completing written activities. Chapter 1 consists of two research to practice papers discussing how to address deficits in persuasive writing skills and behavior needs through explicit instruction in persuasive writing strategies (e.g., self-regulated strategy development) and embedded function-based choice making. Chapter 2 consists of a multiple probe across students with embedded reversal single case design on POW+TREE, a persuasive writing strategy used within the self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) instructional approach. Three students in grades 3rd, 5th and 6th with emotional behavioral disorders were recruited to receive SRSD POW+TREE with embedded function-based choice making in a residential education setting. The number of pers essay elements and a variety of writing quality indicators along with student motivation and active academic engagement were examined. Participants who completed the study demonstrated varied engagement and an increase in included essay elements along with overall essay quality and increased motivation to write persuasively. Implications for teachers, limitations, and future directions are presented. Data collection and results of this study were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Problematic consumption of online pornography during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical recommendations

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is one of the greatest contemporary challenges. Feelings of fear and uncertainty triggered by this pandemic have had noxious effects on people's mental health. This seems to have increased during quarantine and there is evidence of an intensification of reward- directed behavior. Nevertheless, there are few studies dealing with pornography consumption during this period. The aim of this manuscript is to contextualize this phenomenon during the pandemic and suggest some clinical recommendations on the matter. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The impact of intensive, group-format parent-child interaction therapy on positive parenting skills and oppositional behavior of young children

Disruptive behavior disorders affect 10.75% of children and cause significant problems throughout life (Alizadeh et al., 2019;APA, 2013;Azeredo et al., 2018;Frick & Loney, 1999;Kofler et al., 2015;Leadbeater & Ames, 2016;Liu et al., 2017). The defiant behavior that is a common symptom of these disorders has shown to occur at higher rates when the child's parent uses a more harsh, negative, or neglectful parenting style (Brown et al., 2017;Giannotta & Rydell, 2016;Ghosh et al., 2017;Lavigne et al., 2016;Lin et al., 2019;Tung & Lee, 2014). To treat children's defiant behavior, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) addresses ineffective parenting styles by teaching parents positive parenting skills (Eyberg & Funderburk, 2011). While PCIT has been shown to be effective in reducing oppositional behavior for children between the ages of three and seven years old, many families are unable to access individual PCIT due to its resource-heavy nature (i.e. price, time commitment, technology requirement) (Barkley, 1986;Chen & Fortson, 2015;Kazdin, 2008;Kazdin et al., 1997;Lanier et al., 2011;Lyon & Budd, 2010;Matos et al., 2006). Alternative forms of PCIT like group PCIT, intensive PCIT and brief group PCIT have addressed some of these limitations of individual PCIT but no alternative form has addressed each limitation. The current study sought to address prior limitations by exploring whether an alternative form of remote PCIT, Intensive Group-Format PCIT (IG-PCIT), would be as effective in addressing children's oppositional behavior and parents' positive parenting skill acquisition as remote standard, individual PCIT and remote group PCIT. The current study consisted of 36 child-parent dyads. Participants were quasirandomly placed in the remote IG-PCIT condition (16 participants), the remote individual PCIT condition (10 participants), or the remote group PCIT condition (nine participants). The individual PCIT condition offered PCIT remotely and individually over a 12-week span. The group PCIT condition offered PCIT in a remote group format over the span of 12 weeks. The IG-PCIT condition consisted of four remote weekly group sessions. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all conditions were held virtually. The researcher of the current study found that remote IG-PCIT, remote group PCIT, and remote individual PCIT significantly reduced child externalizing behavior and parenting stress from pre- to post-treatment overall, but both areas did not significantly reduce for each individual dyad. The reductions were also maintained at the three months follow up. It was found that all three treatment conditions did significantly improve positive parenting skills (i.e. reflections, labelled praises, and behavior descriptions) and directive parenting skills (i.e. questions, commands, and negative talk) and these improvements were maintained at the three months follow up. The current researcher found that the remote IG-PCIT condition was as effective in improving child externalizing behaviors, parenting stress, and parenting skill use as the remote group PCIT and the remote individual PCIT conditions. No significant relationships between change in positive parenting skills and change in parenting stress or child externalizing behavior were found. The highest attrition rates were found in the remote individual PCIT condition. Lastly, high levels of treatment satisfaction for all three treatment conditions were reported. The researcher of the current study interpreted these results to suggest that all three remote conditions, IG-PCIT, group PCIT, and individual PCIT, can effectively improve child externalizing behavior, parenting stress, and parenting skill use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

The impact of cyberbullying victimization on psychosocial behaviors among college students during the covid-19 pandemic: The indirect effect of a sense of purpose in life

By drawing from positive psychology and general strain theory, this study examined whether a sense of purpose in life has an indirect effect between college students' cyberbullying victimization and their depressive symptoms, cyberbullying perpetration, and suicidal thoughts/behaviors. Data were collected from 314 college students (69.9% female) aged 18 to 24 and older from two universities in the Midwest and South-central region of the United States. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) identified that cyberbullying victimization was positively associated with depressive symptoms and cyberbullying perpetration. Moreover, cyberbullying victimization indirectly affected depressive symptoms through a sense of purpose in life. This study will emphasize the importance of fostering cyberbullied college students' purpose in life to college staff, administrators, faculty, and practitioners, and will provide them with strategies to develop campus-wide cyberbullying interventions for college students. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Sharing experiences and seeking informal justice online: A grounded theory analysis of zoombombing victimization on reddit

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Zoombombing emerged as a new form of online disruption/harassment characterized by unintended and unsolicited virtual visits by both strangers and known individuals via Zoom. The current study utilizes a grounded theory-based qualitative analysis of over 1,000 posts on Reddit to explore discussions around Zoombombing victimization incidents. This paper reveals how Zoombombing victimization subreddits function as communities for sharing victimization stories, user perceptions, and support while further developing a space that promotes informal justice online. The implications include an enhanced understanding of how Zoombombing occurs and the role of online forums and cyberpolicing tools in preventing and discussing victimization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)